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Patient education

Endodontic procedures and technology.

Modern root canal treatment is precise, comfortable, and often done in one visit. Learn what each procedure involves and the tools that make it gentle.

A root canal removes the infected or inflamed pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth), cleans the canals, and seals them — all while the tooth stays in place. Most procedures take 60 to 90 minutes and are completed in a single visit, using a surgical microscope and 3D imaging for precision unavailable a decade ago.

Step by step

How root canal therapy saves your tooth

Follow the four stages of treatment, from inflamed tissue to regrown bone.

Cross-section illustration of a tooth with inflamed pulp tissue in the crown and an infection pocket at the tip of the root.
Cross-section illustration of a tooth with inflamed pulp tissue in the crown and an infection pocket at the tip of the root.

1 · The problem

Where the pain starts

Inflamed pulp tissue inside the tooth causes the throbbing pain, and an infection can form a pocket at the root tip. At this stage the tooth can almost always still be saved.

Cross-section illustration of the same tooth with the inflamed tissue removed and both root canals cleaned and emptied.

2 · Cleaning

Cleaned under the microscope

Under a surgical microscope, the inflamed tissue is removed and each canal is cleaned and disinfected. Most patients feel relief the same day.

Cross-section illustration of the tooth with both canals filled with sealing material and a temporary filling closing the crown.

3 · Sealing

Sealed against reinfection

The cleaned canals are sealed to keep bacteria out, and the tooth is closed with a temporary filling until your dentist places the final restoration.

Cross-section illustration of the healed tooth with healthy bone fully regrown around the root tip.

4 · Healed

Healed bone, saved tooth

Bone regrows around the root over the following months. The tooth stays yours: chewing, smiling, working like it always did.

Topics covered in this guide

  • What happens step by step during a root canal procedure?

  • How do surgical microscopes make root canal treatment more precise?

  • What is the difference between root canal therapy and root canal retreatment?

  • What is an apicoectomy and when is it needed?

  • How does 3D CBCT imaging change the way endodontists plan treatment?

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Common questions about endodontic procedures

What happens during a root canal procedure?

Your endodontist numbs the tooth, removes the inflamed or infected pulp (the soft tissue inside the tooth), cleans and shapes the canals, and seals them. Most of the visit feels similar to having a filling. Modern tools make the process precise and comfortable.

Is a root canal painful?

For most people, no. The tooth is fully numbed, so treatment feels much like a routine filling. Root canal therapy relieves the pain of an inflamed or infected tooth rather than causing it, and mild soreness afterward is normal and short.

How long does a root canal take?

Many root canals are completed in a single visit of about 60 to 90 minutes, depending on the tooth and the number of canals. Back teeth take a little longer than front teeth. Your endodontist will give you a time estimate after the exam.

Can a root canal be done in one visit?

Often, yes. Many cases are finished in a single appointment. Some teeth with complex anatomy or active infection benefit from two visits. Your endodontist will recommend the approach that gives your tooth the best result.

How do microscopes and 3D imaging help?

A surgical microscope lets your endodontist see fine canal anatomy that is invisible to the naked eye, and 3D imaging maps the roots before treatment. Together they help find every canal and treat the tooth thoroughly. This precision is part of why modern success rates are high.

Is a root canal better than pulling the tooth?

Keeping your natural tooth is usually the better choice when it can be saved. Root canal therapy lets you keep normal biting and spacing, and it avoids the cost and steps of replacing a tooth. Your endodontist will tell you honestly if a tooth cannot be saved.

Are root canals safe?

Yes. Root canal therapy is a routine, well-studied procedure that removes infection and relieves pain. Claims linking root canals to unrelated illness are not supported by current evidence. Saving an infected tooth protects your overall oral health.

What is an apicoectomy?

An apicoectomy (a minor surgery on the tip of the tooth root) is sometimes used when infection lingers after a root canal. The endodontist treats the very end of the root and seals it. It is a focused, microscope-assisted procedure that can save a tooth a second time.

What is root canal retreatment and why might I need it?

If a tooth that had root canal therapy becomes painful or re-infected, retreatment may be an option. The endodontist reopens the tooth, removes the previous filling material, cleans the canals again, and reseals them. Success rates for retreatment are high when the tooth structure is intact.

Can a knocked-out or injured tooth be saved?

Yes, in many cases. Endodontists treat dental trauma, including knocked-out, displaced, or fractured teeth. The sooner an injured tooth is seen, the better the chances of saving it. Call your nearest MFE location right away if a tooth has been injured.

Ready to talk to a specialist?

See if one visit can solve it.

Call any MFE location to schedule an evaluation. Many root canals are completed the same day.